Biology
The optional Biology module: cells, division, inheritance, DNA, gene technologies, variation, enzymes, physiology, ecosystems and plants.
Cells & organisation
7 min read
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structure and the levels of organisation in an organism.
Movement across membranes
6 min read
Diffusion, osmosis in terms of water potential, and active transport.
Cell division & sex determination
8 min read
Mitosis and the cell cycle, meiosis, asexual and sexual reproduction, and sex determination.
Inheritance
8 min read
Genetic terms, monohybrid crosses and pedigrees, and how most phenotypes arise from many genes.
DNA & protein synthesis
8 min read
The structure of DNA, the genetic code, how proteins are made, and gene mutations.
Gene technologies
7 min read
Genetic engineering, stem cells and selective breeding.
Variation & evolution
7 min read
Natural selection and evolution, antibiotic resistance, and the sources of variation.
Enzymes
7 min read
Enzymes as biological catalysts, how they work, and the effects of temperature and pH.
Respiration
6 min read
Cellular, aerobic and anaerobic respiration and their word equations.
Organ systems
11 min read
The nervous, respiratory, circulatory, digestive and excretory systems.
Homeostasis & hormones
9 min read
Negative feedback, blood glucose control and diabetes, water and temperature regulation, and hormones.
Disease & body defence
9 min read
Communicable and non-communicable diseases, vaccines and antibiotics, and how medicines are developed.
Ecosystems
9 min read
Levels of organisation and interdependence, the carbon and water cycles, and biodiversity.
Plant physiology
8 min read
Photosynthesis and its limiting factors, and transport of water and sugars in plants.